Annotated Bibliography
"Akbar." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 8 Nov. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/5266>. Akbar, born on October 15, 1542, was the greatest emperor in the Mughal dynasty. He reigned from 1556 to 1605, and extended Mughal power over the entire Indian subcontinent. Furthermore, he adopted programs that won the loyalty of the non-Muslim Mughals. He strengthened the centralized administration, centralized the financial system, and reorganized the tax-collection process. Although he was illiterate, he encouraged scholars, painters, and musicians, making it a center of culture.
This source is important because it shows how the Mughal government was centralized and the life of one of its most successful rulers. It is also very reliable because it is from Britannica.
Mishra, Patit Paban. "Mughal Empire." Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History. Ed. William H. McNeill. Vol. 4. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, 2010. 1754-57. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX1923800372&v=2.1&u=balt82221&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=6b4bdbd4cb4e37ba8d93dcbf876b6550>. This article is mainly about the Mughal empire's establishment, golden era, achievements and there decline. The Intro section of this article describes how the Mughal empire flourished by strong centralized government, an increase in trade, and the rise of new markets in urban centers such as Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Dhaka, Surat, and Masulipatnam. The Establishment and Golden Era section describes the beginnings of the empire with Babur, much like the other gale source. it also talks about Babur's grandson Akbar and his great grandson Jahangir, who set the stage to the the golden era of the empire. Jahangir’s son, Shah Jahan (1592–1666) was the emperor who reigned during the golden age. The next section, Decline talks about how Shah Jahan’s successor, his son Aurangzeb (1618–1707) marked the beginning of the end of the empire. Since Aurangzeb was a devout Muslim he stated sharia law, and made many religious and philosophical enemies, who would ultimately him, making it easy for Britain to take over most of India. the next section, Accomplishments talks about the many accomplishments of the Mughal empire's reign. one accomplishment was the economic boom in cities such as Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Dhaka, Surat, and Masulipatnam, due to The Mughal aristocracy and new trade relations. it also talks about the development of Indo-Islamic architecture. The palaces, tombs, forts, mosques and gardens reflected the aesthetic sense, opulence, and settled condition of the great Mughals. such monuments like the Taj- Mahal, commissioned by Shah Jahan stands apart in architectural splendor and is one of the most beautiful tombs in the world.
Almost all of this source is directed toward our topic. since this source is from gale Encyclopedia of World History, and our virtual library i believe it is very credible. This article is trying to convey the outlying achievements from the Mughal empire and the lasting impression it left on modern day Indian culture.
"Mughal architecture." Britannica School.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/54154>. This article from Encyclopedia Britannica is all about architecture in the Mughal Empire. The entirety of this article is about Mughal architecture, stating several patrons and architects that contributed to important projects. This source goes emperor by emperor, listing their architectural achievments, including the TÄj Mahal and the tomb of HumÄyan. It also includes some architectural styles and techniques that were popular during the Mughal Empire.
This information will be especially helpful in answering question number six (how did the state use art, architecture, and culture to its advantage?). This source is very reliable because it is an article from an extremely reliable source, Britannica.
"Mughal dynasty." Britannica School.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 8 Nov. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/54153>. This article from Britannica is a very informative article all about the Mughal Empire. It focuses specifically on gaining and maintaining power (this is helpful in question one and three). This article mentions specific emperors that contributed a great deal to the Mughal Empire, such as Bābur and Humāyūn. Lastly, this article talks about how certain emperors treated minority populations, which will be essential in answering question number four.
This source is very reliable because it is from Encyclopedia Britannica.
"Mughal Empire." Governments. Detroit: n.p., 2008. N. pag. Vol. 1 of Gale Encyclopedia of World History. Gale Encyclopedia of World History. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 Nov. 20013. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3048600064&v=2.1&u=balt82221&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=0208fabc2a30ba27525b0322e8863295>. This article is about the governmental and the political, structure and history of the Mughal Empire. The first section, Type of Government tells us about how an emperor rules the empire. The Background section describes the emperors, starting with the first emperor, zahir-ud-Din Muhammad (also known as Babur; 1483–1530). it also describes how his son Humayun (1508–1556), succeeded him and then was defeated by the Afghan emperor Sher Shah. It then tells us about how his son Akbar succeeded him and revitalized the empire, the article goes on about along line of father son successors to the throne, with Akbar's son Jahangir,his son Shah Jahan, and his son Alamgir. The next section, Government Structures, describes the Mansabdari, the administration system established by Akbar, also the different offices in the government, and the different provinces. The next section is tilted Political Parties and Factions, it gives us information on the different groups that apposed Alamgir reign, groups such as: the inhabitants of the Deccan in south-central India, the Rajputs, the Jats, the Marathas, and the Sikhs. The last sections, Major Events, and Aftermath, tell us about the fall of the Mughals by the Marathas in the 1750. Then it goes on to describe how the British established control of the Mughal Empire in the late 1700's
Almost all of this source is directed toward our topic. since this source is from gale Encyclopedia of World History, and our virtual library i believe it is very credible. Most of this article is just to provide background information on our topic but mostly described its unique political and governmental history.
"The Mughal Empire." Oravle Thinkquest. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://library.thinkquest.org/C006203/cgi-bin/stories.cgi?article=main§ion=history/mughals&frame=parent>. This web site, referenced from the Web's Best Sites on Britannica, has a ton of information about the Mughal Empire. The Oracle Thinkquest website is dedicated to educating younger students.
There are several separate categories including introduction, government, art and architecture, economy, emperors, and more. In the emperor section, several successful emperors are listed along with their achievements. I find this especially helpful in learning about the political aspects of the Mughal Empire. This website will be a great starting place to learn basic information about the Mughal Empire. Although, I do think we should only use this web site for reference because it does not go into great detail in the categories.
This source must be reliable because it was on the golden "Web's Best Cites" list on Britannica.
Spear, T.G. Percival. "Arabic 'Tiger.'" Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/11614>. Bu0101bur was the founder of the Mughal Empire (1526) . He was born on February 15, 1483 and died on December 26, 1530. He was "a military adventurer, a soldier of distinction, and a poet and diarist of genius, as well as a statesman". He was born a Turk (member of the Chagatai clan) and drew most of his help from the Turkish as emperor. The Turks had no line of succession, so although his Father rule Fergana, Bu0101bur had no guarantee that he would rule. However, due to the fact that he was a genius and could master loyalty and inspire people, he ended up ruling the land. He attacked Punjab (in modern day India), but failed to succeed until his 5th raid. Major successes include beating Ibru0101hu012bm's army of 100,000 with only an army of 12,000, beating Rana Sanga when he was virtually defeated and surrounded, and defeating the Afghans of the East. After this, the walls were secure but there was little to no government in the Mughal Empire.
This article is relevant to our topic because it is about the founder of our empire. It is from Britannica, an extremely reliable source.
"Taj Mahal." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/70996>. The Taj Mahal, a mausoleum complex, is the finest example of Mughal architecture: a mix of Indian, Persian, and Ismalic styles. It was built by the emperor Shah Jahu0101n (reigned 1628–58) to commemorate Mumtu0101z Mau1e25al (his wife). Taj Mahal is a derivative of her name. She died in childbirth in 1631. It is believed that the chief architect was Ustad Au1e25mad Lahawru012b, an Indian of Persian descent. The six elements - main gateway, garden, mosque,jawab (literally “answer”; a building mirroring the mosque), and mausoleum (including its four minarets) - had to be built as a unified entity according to Mughal tradition. More than 20,000 workers (from India, Persia, the Ottoman Empire, and Europe) built it. The mausoleum was finished in 1638 and the adjunct buildings were done in 1645. The 42 acre building took 22 years to build. The mosque, which faces East and the jawab, which faces West are made of Sanskrit sandstones, which contrast with the white marble of the mausoleum.
This article is relevant to our topic because it shows one of the most important artistic accomplishments in our empire. It is from Britannica, an extremely reliable source.
This source is important because it shows how the Mughal government was centralized and the life of one of its most successful rulers. It is also very reliable because it is from Britannica.
Mishra, Patit Paban. "Mughal Empire." Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History. Ed. William H. McNeill. Vol. 4. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, 2010. 1754-57. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX1923800372&v=2.1&u=balt82221&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=6b4bdbd4cb4e37ba8d93dcbf876b6550>. This article is mainly about the Mughal empire's establishment, golden era, achievements and there decline. The Intro section of this article describes how the Mughal empire flourished by strong centralized government, an increase in trade, and the rise of new markets in urban centers such as Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Dhaka, Surat, and Masulipatnam. The Establishment and Golden Era section describes the beginnings of the empire with Babur, much like the other gale source. it also talks about Babur's grandson Akbar and his great grandson Jahangir, who set the stage to the the golden era of the empire. Jahangir’s son, Shah Jahan (1592–1666) was the emperor who reigned during the golden age. The next section, Decline talks about how Shah Jahan’s successor, his son Aurangzeb (1618–1707) marked the beginning of the end of the empire. Since Aurangzeb was a devout Muslim he stated sharia law, and made many religious and philosophical enemies, who would ultimately him, making it easy for Britain to take over most of India. the next section, Accomplishments talks about the many accomplishments of the Mughal empire's reign. one accomplishment was the economic boom in cities such as Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Dhaka, Surat, and Masulipatnam, due to The Mughal aristocracy and new trade relations. it also talks about the development of Indo-Islamic architecture. The palaces, tombs, forts, mosques and gardens reflected the aesthetic sense, opulence, and settled condition of the great Mughals. such monuments like the Taj- Mahal, commissioned by Shah Jahan stands apart in architectural splendor and is one of the most beautiful tombs in the world.
Almost all of this source is directed toward our topic. since this source is from gale Encyclopedia of World History, and our virtual library i believe it is very credible. This article is trying to convey the outlying achievements from the Mughal empire and the lasting impression it left on modern day Indian culture.
"Mughal architecture." Britannica School.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/54154>. This article from Encyclopedia Britannica is all about architecture in the Mughal Empire. The entirety of this article is about Mughal architecture, stating several patrons and architects that contributed to important projects. This source goes emperor by emperor, listing their architectural achievments, including the TÄj Mahal and the tomb of HumÄyan. It also includes some architectural styles and techniques that were popular during the Mughal Empire.
This information will be especially helpful in answering question number six (how did the state use art, architecture, and culture to its advantage?). This source is very reliable because it is an article from an extremely reliable source, Britannica.
"Mughal dynasty." Britannica School.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2013. Web. 8 Nov. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/54153>. This article from Britannica is a very informative article all about the Mughal Empire. It focuses specifically on gaining and maintaining power (this is helpful in question one and three). This article mentions specific emperors that contributed a great deal to the Mughal Empire, such as Bābur and Humāyūn. Lastly, this article talks about how certain emperors treated minority populations, which will be essential in answering question number four.
This source is very reliable because it is from Encyclopedia Britannica.
"Mughal Empire." Governments. Detroit: n.p., 2008. N. pag. Vol. 1 of Gale Encyclopedia of World History. Gale Encyclopedia of World History. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 Nov. 20013. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3048600064&v=2.1&u=balt82221&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=0208fabc2a30ba27525b0322e8863295>. This article is about the governmental and the political, structure and history of the Mughal Empire. The first section, Type of Government tells us about how an emperor rules the empire. The Background section describes the emperors, starting with the first emperor, zahir-ud-Din Muhammad (also known as Babur; 1483–1530). it also describes how his son Humayun (1508–1556), succeeded him and then was defeated by the Afghan emperor Sher Shah. It then tells us about how his son Akbar succeeded him and revitalized the empire, the article goes on about along line of father son successors to the throne, with Akbar's son Jahangir,his son Shah Jahan, and his son Alamgir. The next section, Government Structures, describes the Mansabdari, the administration system established by Akbar, also the different offices in the government, and the different provinces. The next section is tilted Political Parties and Factions, it gives us information on the different groups that apposed Alamgir reign, groups such as: the inhabitants of the Deccan in south-central India, the Rajputs, the Jats, the Marathas, and the Sikhs. The last sections, Major Events, and Aftermath, tell us about the fall of the Mughals by the Marathas in the 1750. Then it goes on to describe how the British established control of the Mughal Empire in the late 1700's
Almost all of this source is directed toward our topic. since this source is from gale Encyclopedia of World History, and our virtual library i believe it is very credible. Most of this article is just to provide background information on our topic but mostly described its unique political and governmental history.
"The Mughal Empire." Oravle Thinkquest. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://library.thinkquest.org/C006203/cgi-bin/stories.cgi?article=main§ion=history/mughals&frame=parent>. This web site, referenced from the Web's Best Sites on Britannica, has a ton of information about the Mughal Empire. The Oracle Thinkquest website is dedicated to educating younger students.
There are several separate categories including introduction, government, art and architecture, economy, emperors, and more. In the emperor section, several successful emperors are listed along with their achievements. I find this especially helpful in learning about the political aspects of the Mughal Empire. This website will be a great starting place to learn basic information about the Mughal Empire. Although, I do think we should only use this web site for reference because it does not go into great detail in the categories.
This source must be reliable because it was on the golden "Web's Best Cites" list on Britannica.
Spear, T.G. Percival. "Arabic 'Tiger.'" Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/11614>. Bu0101bur was the founder of the Mughal Empire (1526) . He was born on February 15, 1483 and died on December 26, 1530. He was "a military adventurer, a soldier of distinction, and a poet and diarist of genius, as well as a statesman". He was born a Turk (member of the Chagatai clan) and drew most of his help from the Turkish as emperor. The Turks had no line of succession, so although his Father rule Fergana, Bu0101bur had no guarantee that he would rule. However, due to the fact that he was a genius and could master loyalty and inspire people, he ended up ruling the land. He attacked Punjab (in modern day India), but failed to succeed until his 5th raid. Major successes include beating Ibru0101hu012bm's army of 100,000 with only an army of 12,000, beating Rana Sanga when he was virtually defeated and surrounded, and defeating the Afghans of the East. After this, the walls were secure but there was little to no government in the Mughal Empire.
This article is relevant to our topic because it is about the founder of our empire. It is from Britannica, an extremely reliable source.
"Taj Mahal." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2013. <http://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/70996>. The Taj Mahal, a mausoleum complex, is the finest example of Mughal architecture: a mix of Indian, Persian, and Ismalic styles. It was built by the emperor Shah Jahu0101n (reigned 1628–58) to commemorate Mumtu0101z Mau1e25al (his wife). Taj Mahal is a derivative of her name. She died in childbirth in 1631. It is believed that the chief architect was Ustad Au1e25mad Lahawru012b, an Indian of Persian descent. The six elements - main gateway, garden, mosque,jawab (literally “answer”; a building mirroring the mosque), and mausoleum (including its four minarets) - had to be built as a unified entity according to Mughal tradition. More than 20,000 workers (from India, Persia, the Ottoman Empire, and Europe) built it. The mausoleum was finished in 1638 and the adjunct buildings were done in 1645. The 42 acre building took 22 years to build. The mosque, which faces East and the jawab, which faces West are made of Sanskrit sandstones, which contrast with the white marble of the mausoleum.
This article is relevant to our topic because it shows one of the most important artistic accomplishments in our empire. It is from Britannica, an extremely reliable source.